RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:
It’s removed from a achieved deal, however this morning after Tremendous Tuesday, we’re rather a lot nearer to realizing who the 2020 Democratic nominee for president might be.
NOEL KING, HOST:
Keep in mind; this began out as probably the most various discipline of Democratic presidential candidates in historical past. The front-runners now are two white males of their 70s, each with lengthy political careers – Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders.
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JOE BIDEN: Just some days in the past, the press and the pundits had declared the marketing campaign lifeless.
(BOOING)
BIDEN: After which got here South Carolina, they usually had one thing to say about it.
(CHEERING)
BIDEN: And we had been informed, properly, whenever you acquired to Tremendous Tuesday, it would be over. Nicely, it could be over for the opposite man.
UNIDENTIFIED CROWD: (Cheering).
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BERNIE SANDERS: Tonight, I let you know with absolute confidence, we’re going to win the Democratic nomination.
(CHEERING)
MARTIN: The voices of Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders after final night time’s contests. We have NPR nationwide political correspondent Mara Liasson with us to make clear what has occurred and what it means going ahead. Hello, Mara.
MARA LIASSON, BYLINE: Hello there.
MARTIN: So it was a late night time for all of us as we watched these returns are available in. Huge headline is that Joe Biden wanted to do properly. And he did, proper?
LIASSON: Sure, he did. The massive query stepping into was, would Bernie Sanders finish the night time on a glide path to a plurality of delegates with an all-but-insurmountable lead? We got here out of the night time with Biden with probably the most votes and delegates to this point, and possibly he is on observe to get a plurality earlier than the conference. The race is now a two-man battle for delegates.
Yesterday was a take a look at of three issues – cash, momentum and motion or group. It seems cash did not imply a lot. Bloomberg spent a ton of it and did not do very properly. When it comes to motion and group, properly, Bernie Sanders had that in spades. Joe Biden solely had one discipline workplace in California…
MARTIN: Proper.
LIASSON: …And one in Virginia. In some locations, he did not even marketing campaign. It seems that free media – earned media – momentum actually mattered. And that is what Joe Biden had. He had endorsements, and it translated into wins. Who would’ve thunk it?
MARTIN: Proper.
LIASSON: You understand? Historic guidelines solely work until they cease working.
MARTIN: Till they do not work anymore.
LIASSON: That is what we discovered final night time.
MARTIN: (Laughter) Proper. So we must always simply level out, we hear rather a lot about the truth that Bernie Sanders took California; Joe Biden got here out on high of Texas – two very delegate-rich states. Nevertheless it does not imply that every of these candidates walks away with all these delegates, proper?
LIASSON: No, as a result of it isn’t a winner-take-all system the way in which the Republicans have. There is a 15% threshold. You aren’t getting any delegates except you recover from 15% of the favored vote. If nobody else will get 15%, then you may take all of the delegates or an enormous quantity of the delegates – a much bigger proportion of the delegates than the proportion of the favored vote that you simply acquired. But when a number of different candidates recover from 15%, then the winner of the state finally ends up taking a smaller proportion of the delegates than the proportion they acquired of the favored vote. That is why it is essential to see the ultimate delegate totals.
MARTIN: Proper.
LIASSON: We do not have these but. However in case you win massive, you get extra delegates than in case you win by a smaller margin.
MARTIN: All proper. So let’s speak about Elizabeth Warren, who didn’t have a great night time. She actually wanted to do properly or at the very least have a displaying, proper?
LIASSON: Wanted to do properly. She got here in third in her own residence state of Massachusetts. She misplaced this place she was born, Oklahoma. After which, in fact, that follows her fourth-place end within the neighboring state of New Hampshire. However final night time, she didn’t give any indication of giving up. This is what she stated.
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ELIZABETH WARREN: Irrespective of how scared you’re, regardless of how exhausting it seems to be, you get on the market, and also you battle for the folks you’re keen on.
(CHEERING)
LIASSON: So what Elizabeth Warren goes to do subsequent is the topic of a number of hypothesis. She had talked earlier about possibly a brokered conference; that was her path to the nomination.
MARTIN: Yeah.
LIASSON: However now she’s splitting the left lane of the get together with Bernie Sanders. Is that what she needs? Or will she drop out and endorse him? Nobody is aware of.
MARTIN: All proper. Let’s end on Mike Bloomberg as a result of that is the primary time he truly appeared on any poll. He has spent an unlimited sum of money. He solely took American Samoa, a territory, final night time. So what occurs to his marketing campaign transferring ahead?
LIASSON: Nicely, he is reassessing his marketing campaign. However even when he does not proceed as a candidate, he’s nonetheless on observe to play what may very well be a game-changing and historic function within the election as a result of he has stated he’ll spend no matter it takes – billions of {dollars} if vital – to assist whoever is the nominee of the get together. And he’ll fund down-ballot Democratic candidates. He’ll fund get-out-the-vote drives. He’ll fund all the pieces. That is what he says he’ll do. And that’s fairly vital.
MARTIN: All proper. NPR’s Mara Liasson on the outcomes of Tremendous Tuesday. Mara, thanks.
LIASSON: Thanks.
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MARTIN: OK. The World Well being Group says that the dying price of COVID-19, which is the illness attributable to the coronavirus – that dying price is now at about 3.4%, which is increased than beforehand thought. The battle towards coronavirus is absolutely taking place on a number of totally different fronts, together with on the Federal Reserve.
KING: Yeah. That is proper. The Fed made an emergency rate of interest minimize yesterday to attempt to defend the financial system from the results of the virus, nevertheless it did not appear to work. The S&P, the Dow and the Nasdaq all fell yesterday anyway.
MARTIN: We have NPR chief economics correspondent Scott Horsley with us this morning. So Scott, simply begin with what was alleged to occur. What was the intention of the Fed in making this price minimize?
SCOTT HORSLEY, BYLINE: The Fed hoped to inject some confidence within the financial system and the inventory market after the worst week on Wall Avenue because the monetary disaster. This was the primary time the Fed had minimize charges outdoors of an ordinarily scheduled assembly. And so they minimize by half some extent, not 1 / 4 level as they normally do. They do not have an entire lot of financial ammunition right here, so that they wished to behave shortly and dramatically although Fed Chairman Jerome Powell acknowledged that this motion by itself wouldn’t defend the financial system from coronavirus harm.
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JEROME POWELL: We do acknowledge {that a} price minimize won’t cut back the speed of an infection. It will not repair a damaged provide chain. We get that. We do not assume we have now all of the solutions. However we do imagine that our motion will present a significant enhance to the financial system.
HORSLEY: The preliminary response within the inventory market was optimistic. The Dow jumped about 300 factors when the information first broke. However the extra buyers thought of it, the much less they appreciated it. And the main indexes ended the day down round 3%.
MARTIN: Proper. So what went flawed? I imply, how did he miscalculate?
HORSLEY: Nicely, it’s odd as a result of only a day earlier, the market had jumped Four to five% on the promise of simply this type of price minimize. So it is slightly bit uncommon. I spoke to the chief economist at LendingTree, Tendayi Kapfidze. And he simply thinks the Fed missed the mark. This isn’t the form of drugs the financial system must take care of the coronavirus epidemic.
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TENDAYI KAPFIDZE: I do not see {that a} price minimize makes me wish to get on a airplane or go to a sports activities stadium or some other form of financial exercise that will increase my danger of infections.
HORSLEY: Now, futures markets are pointing to the potential for a rebound on Wall Avenue immediately, so there could also be some reassessment. Though which will additionally mirror buyers’ attitudes about yesterday’s Tremendous Tuesday outcomes.
MARTIN: Proper. In order you’ve got identified, there are limits to what financial coverage can do in relation to one thing like a public well being disaster just like the coronavirus. Is there another choice for governments to make use of?
HORSLEY: There may be. For instance, South Korea is asking for simply cash to assist companies which are adversely affected by the epidemic. President Trump has been speaking a couple of payroll tax vacation, which was one thing that was achieved in the course of the recession. However there’s been little follow-up on that from the White Home and nearly no speak about it on Capitol Hill.
MARTIN: NPR’s Scott Horsley for us. Thanks, Scott. We admire it.
HORSLEY: You are welcome.
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MARTIN: And now some information from the world of medication.
KING: Yeah. For the primary time ever, medical doctors have used a revolutionary gene-editing method. They’re attempting to deal with a affected person by modifying that affected person’s DNA whereas it’s nonetheless contained in the individual’s physique.
MARTIN: We have NPR well being correspondent Rob Stein with us to elucidate. Hello, Rob.
ROB STEIN, BYLINE: Good morning, Rachel.
MARTIN: This sounds loopy. Scientists edited somebody’s DNA from inside their physique.
STEIN: Yeah.
MARTIN: Clarify. What does that imply?
STEIN: Yeah. Nicely, they’ve actually genetically modified somebody from the within. And here is what I imply. Scientists – you recognize, they have been utilizing a device referred to as CRISPR to rewrite the genetic code, you recognize, to attempt to deal with ailments like most cancers and sickle cell.
MARTIN: Yeah.
STEIN: However till now, medical doctors have been taking cells out of the our bodies – you recognize, cells like bone marrow cells – modifying the DNA within the cells after which infusing the genetically modified cells again in.
MARTIN: Proper.
STEIN: Now, for the primary time, they’ve tried this completely new technique to attempt to deal with somebody with a uncommon genetic illness that destroys their imaginative and prescient.
MARTIN: That’s superb. So what occurred? I imply, are you able to clarify in layman’s phrases what they did?
STEIN: Yeah, yeah. It is actually fascinating. You understand, a surgeon minimize a tiny gap within the affected person’s eye after which dripped in three tiny, little drops of liquid containing billions of innocent viruses that had been genetically engineered to hold the genetic directions for creating this CRISPR gene-editing device contained in the retina. The CRISPR then hopefully minimize out the genetic defect that is inflicting the illness, letting the cells produce an important protein that may hopefully heal the sick cells within the retina and giving the affected person the flexibility to see. This is Eric Pierce. He is the Harvard physician working this research.
ERIC PIERCE: If we will repair the underlying genetic defect, we have now the potential to revive imaginative and prescient to individuals who by no means had regular imaginative and prescient earlier than. It might certainly be superb.
MARTIN: That is phenomenal. So this can be a one that could not see – hopefully that their imaginative and prescient goes to be restored. What occurs now, Rob?
STEIN: They only did this process on the Casey Eye Institute. It is on the Oregon Well being and Science College in Portland. And it is on the primary volunteer, first research that is testing this. So the very first thing the medical doctors and the scientists are in search of is, you recognize, whether or not it is protected. Keep in mind; you recognize, nothing like this has ever been achieved earlier than. In order that they’re beginning with a really low dose in an older affected person who already had intensive imaginative and prescient harm. And so they’re solely treating one eye. And that is all, you recognize, simply to verify it does not backfire in some way, find yourself destroying no matter imaginative and prescient they do have as an alternative of serving to them.
MARTIN: Yeah.
STEIN: However the scientists say this affected person might begin to see higher inside, you recognize, possibly just some weeks. So medical doctors are going to be watching actually intently each for any issues and for any enhancements earlier than attempting this on extra sufferers.
MARTIN: And clearly paying consideration as a result of if it really works, I assume it is going to have results, implications for different ailments, proper?
STEIN: Yeah. That is proper. That is one of many causes scientists are so enthusiastic about this. You understand, there are lots of different ailments the place you actually cannot deal with them by taking cells out of their physique and modifying them and placing them again in. And the one approach to get to the cells that have to be mounted, you recognize, for mind ailments like Huntington’s illness, possibly some inherited types of dementia, muscle ailments like muscular dystrophy, is to edit from the within as an alternative of from the surface.
MARTIN: Yeah.
STEIN: That is what Francis Collins of the Nationwide Institutes of Well being stated about all this.
FRANCIS COLLINS: All of us dream of what time may be coming, the place we might apply this strategy for hundreds of ailments.
STEIN: He stated it is actually thrilling, and he is wanting ahead to see what occurs subsequent.
MARTIN: Wow. The implications may very well be large. NPR’s Rob Stein for us this morning. Thanks, Rob. We admire it.
STEIN: No drawback.
[POST-BROADCAST CORRECTION: In this report, we incorrectly say that the Federal Reserve cut rates this week for the first time outside of a scheduled meeting. In fact, it was the first time since the financial crisis in 2008 that the Fed acted outside of a scheduled meeting.]
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